Cock Lavatory
Aircraft fabric covering by hi joiney
Purpose requirements br The purposes of the fabric covering of an aircraft are br To provide a light airproof skin for lifting and control surfaces br To provide structural strength to otherwise weak structures br To cover other non lifting parts of an aircraft to reduce drag sometimes forming a fairing br To protect the structure from the elements br Early use br A Lillienthal flying machine replica br Pioneering aviators such as George Cayley and Otto Lillienthal used cotton covered flying surfaces for their manned glider designs The Wright brothers also used cotton to cover their Wright Flyer Weak fabric covered structure allowed wing warping an early form of roll control br WWI Post WWI br The air wars of World War I were mainly fought with fabric covered biplanes that were vulnerable to fire due to the flammable properties of the covering and dope National insignia painted on the fabric were often cut from downed aircraft and used as war trophies The German aircraft designer Hugo Junkers is considered one of the pioneers of metal aircraft his designs started the move away from fabric covering The highly flammable mixture of fabric dope and hydrogen gas was a factor in the demise of the Hindenburg airship br WWII br Damaged Vickers Wellington showing burnt and missing fabric covering br By the World War II era aircraft were using metal monocoque structures due to their higher operating airspeeds although fabric covered control surfaces were still used on early mark Spitfires and other types The Mosquito is an example of a fabric Madapolam covered plywood aircraft The Vickers Wellington used fabric over a geodesic airframe which offered good combat damage resistance br An interesting case of ingenuity under wartime adversity was the Colditz Cock glider This homebuilt aircraft intended as a means of escape employed prison bedding as its covering material homemade glue and dope made from boiled millet were also used by the prisoners in its construction br Introduction of modern materials br With the development of modern synthetic materials following World War II cotton fabrics were replaced in civil aircraft applications by Polyethylene terephthalate known by the trade name Dacron br An Ultraflight Lazair covered using Ceconite and the Hipec process br One fabric system developed by Ray Stits in the USA and FAA approved in 1965 is marketed under the brand name Poly Fiber This uses three weights of Dacron fabric sold as by the brand name Ceconite plus fabric glue for attaching to the airframe Poly Tak fabric preparation sealer resin Poly Brush and paint Poly Tone Ceconite 101 is a certified 3 5 oz yd 119 g m fabric while Ceconite 102 is a 3 16 oz yd 107 g m fabric There is also an uncertified light Ceconite of 1 87 oz yd 63 g m intended for ultralight aircraft This method requires physical attachment of the fabric to the airframe in the form of rib stitching rivets or capstrips which are then usually covered with fabric tapes br In addition to Poly Fiber a number of other companies produce covering processes for certified and homebuilt aircraft Randolph Products and Certified Coatings Products both make butyrate and nitrate based dopes for use with Dacron fabric br Falconar Avia of Edmonton Alberta Canada developed the Hipec system in 1964 for use with Dacron fabric It uses a special Hipec Sun Barrier that adheres fabric directly to the aircraft structure in one step eliminating the need for the riveting rib stitching and taping used in traditional fabric processes The final paint is then applied over the sun barrier to complete the process br Many ultralight aircraft are covered with pre sewn envelopes of 3 9 oz Dacron that are simply screwed bolted or laced into place These are produced in a wide variety of colours and patterns and are commonly flown untreated or with an anti ultraviolet radiation finish to resist sun damage br Covering processes br Traditional methods br Laced panels and stitched undercambered airfoil of a Sopwith Pup br Traditional covering methods use organic materials such as cotton Once the aircraft structure is prepared by sanding the material is applied using dope as an adhesive Rib stitching is used on faster aircraft types and especially on undercambered airfoils to ensure that the fabric follows the aircraft structure The distance between stitches is reduced in areas affected by the propeller wash The covering would then be treated with tautening dope to remove wrinkles and increase structural strength finish coats often containing aluminium powder would serve to protect the surface from ultra violet light Large fabric panels of WW I era aircraft were often laced together through eyelets to ease access to the internal structure for maintenance Some disadvantages compared to modern methods are the relatively short service life of the covering due to biological effects such as mildew and the labour required to achieve the end result br Modern methods br Modern covering methods follow the traditional method with minor differences Synthetic materials are used covering is adhered to the structure using dedicated glues The shrinking process is achieved by applying an electric iron or heat gun once the covering is tight rib stitching is again used for heavier or faster aircraft Cosmetic finish coats are usually applied A side effect of using modern covering materials on wooden structured aircraft is that due to the much longer life the structure remains covered and un inspected for much longer time periods this has resulted in special periodic inspections being mandated by aviation regulatory bodies br With both methods of covering it is normal for the aircraft to be re weighed after renewal of the fabric to determine any change in mass and centre of gravity br See also br Homebuilt aircraft br Women s roles in the World Wars br References br Notes br Centennial of Flight Wing warping br a b Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Poly Fiber Fabric http www aircraftspruce com catalog cspages pffabric php Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Ceconite http www aircraftspruce com catalog cspages ceconitefabric php Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Covering Material Poly Fiber http www aircraftspruce com menus cs polyfiber html Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Covering Material Randolph Coatings http www aircraftspruce com menus cs randolphcoatings html Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Covering Material Certified Coatings http www aircraftspruce com catalog cspages specialsolvents php Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Falconar Avia July 2008 The Modern Method for Covering amp Finishing http hipec falconaravia com Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br Hunt Adam amp Ruth Merkis Hunt Finishing With Hipec Kitplanes June 2001 pages 70 74 Belvoir Publications ISSN 0891 1851 br Aircraft Spruce and Specialty 2009 Covering Material Ultralight Sails Quicksilver http www aircraftspruce com catalog cspages ultralightsailsquicksilver php Retrieved 2009 08 08 160 br FAA AC 43 13 pp 81 94 br FAA AC 43 13 p 84 br FAA AC 43 13 p 243 br Bibliography br Federal Aviation Administration Acceptable Methods Techniques and Practices Aircraft Inspection and Repair AC43 13 1A Change 3 U S Department of Transportation U S Government Printing Office Washington D C 1988 br Taylor John W R The Lore of Flight London Universal Books Ltd 1990 ISBN 0 9509620 15 br External links br Ceconite home page br Stits Poly Fiber home page br Fabric covering techniques br v 160 160 d 160 160 e br Aircraft components and systems br Airframe structure br Cabane strut 160 Canopy 160 Cruciform tail 160 Empennage 160 Fairing 160 Fabric covering 160 Flying wires 160 Former 160 Fuselage 160 Interplane strut 160 Horizontal stabilizer 160 Jury strut 160 Leading edge 160 Longeron 160 Nacelle 160 Rear pressure bulkhead 160 Rib 160 Spar 160 Stabilizer 160 Stressed skin 160 Strut 160 Tailplane 160 Trailing edge 160 T tail 160 Twin tail 160 Vertical stabilizer 160 V tail 160 Wing root 160 Wing tip br Flight controls br Aileron 160 Airbrake 160 Artificial feel 160 Autopilot 160 Canard 160 Centre stick 160 Deceleron 160 Elevator 160 Elevon 160 Electro hydrostatic actuator 160 Flaperon 160 Flight control modes 160 Gust lock 160 Rudder 160 Servo tab 160 Side stick 160 Spoiler 160 Spoileron 160 Stabilator 160 Stick pusher 160 Stick shaker 160 Trim tab 160 Yaw damper 160 Wing warping 160 Yoke br High lift and aerodynamic br devices br Blown flap 160 Dog tooth 160 Flap 160 Gouge flap 160 Gurney flap 160 Krueger flaps 160 Leading edge cuff 160 LEX 160 Slats 160 Slot 160 Stall strips 160 Strake 160 Vortex generator 160 Wing fence 160 Winglet br Avionic and flight br instrument systems br ACAS 160 Air data computer 160 Airspeed indicator 160 Altimeter 160 Annunciator panel 160 Attitude indicator 160 Compass 160 Course Deviation Indicator 160 EFIS 160 EICAS 160 Flight data recorder 160 Flight management system 160 Glass cockpit 160 GPS 160 Heading indicator 160 Horizontal situation indicator 160 INAS 160 TCAS 160 Transponder 160 Turn and bank indicator 160 Pitot static system 160 Radar altimeter 160 Vertical Speed Indicator 160 Yaw string br Propulsion controls devices and br fuel systems br Autothrottle 160 Drop tank 160 FADEC 160 Fuel tank 160 Gascolator 160 Inlet cone 160 Intake ramp 160 NACA cowling 160 Self sealing fuel tank 160 Throttle 160 Thrust lever 160 Thrust reversal 160 Townend ring 160 Wet wing br Landing and arresting gear br Autobrake 160 Conventional landing gear 160 Arrestor hook 160 Drogue parachute 160 Landing gear extender 160 Tricycle gear 160 Tundra tire 160 Undercarriage br Escape systems br Ejection seat 160 Escape crew capsule br Other systems br Aircraft lavatory 160 Auxiliary power unit 160 Bleed air system 160 Deicing boot 160 Emergency oxygen system 160 Environmental Control System 160 Hydraulic system 160 Ice protection system 160 Landing lights 160 Navigation light 160 Passenger service unit 160 Ram air turbine br v 160 160 d 160 160 e br Lists relating to aviation br General br Timeline of aviation 160 Aircraft manufacturers 160 Aircraft engines manufacturers 160 Rotorcraft manufacturers 160 Airports 160 Airlines defunct 160 Civil authorities 160 Museums br Military br Air forces 160 Aircraft weapons 160 Missiles 160 Unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs 160 Experimental aircraft br Accidents incidents br General 160 Military 160 Commercial airliners 160 Deaths br Records br Airspeed 160 Distance 160 Altitude 160 Endurance 160 Most produced aircraft br Categories Aviation terminology Aircraft components
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